Functions of modern CNC system and common CNC machine tools

CNC, machine tool machining center, also called CNC system, is the control part of the machining center machine tool. It generates a CNC machining program by human-computer interaction according to the input part drawing information, process, and process parameters, and then through the servo drive system, drives the machine components to do the corresponding action.

CNC machining development history

In the traditional CNC machine tools, processing information is usually stored through the NC paper tape, and read through the photoelectric reader to realize the machine tool processing control. With technological advances, computer numerical control systems came into being, with higher functionality, the ability to read all the machining information into the computer memory at once, avoiding the need to frequently start the reader. More advanced CNC machine tools can even eliminate the need for photoelectric readers, through the computer directly programmed or interfaced with the CAPP (Computer Aided Process Planning) system to achieve automatic programming. This type of CNC machine tool has become an important part of the Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS).

Modern CNC System Functions

Modern CNCs have many advanced features designed to improve machining accuracy, increase productivity, and ensure machine stability. The following are the core functions of a CNC system:

1. Multi-axis coordinated control

Supports simultaneous control of multiple axes, capable of handling complex machining tasks, significantly improving machining accuracy and process complexity, and suitable for high-precision, high-complexity parts machining.

2. Tool position compensation

According to the wear and tear of the tool in actual machining, the system automatically compensates the position to ensure that the size and shape of each workpiece in the machining process meets the requirements, to improve the machining accuracy and stability.

3. System fault diagnosis

Real-time monitoring of the operating status of the CNC system, automatic detection, and diagnosis of potential faults, to help operators quickly find the problem and maintenance, to improve the reliability and stability of the machine tool.

4. Online Programming

Operators can program directly on the CNC machine without relying on an external computer. This not only simplifies the production process but also allows real-time adjustment and optimization of the program to adapt to different machining requirements.

5. Parallel operation of machining and programming

In the machining process, CNC machine tools can be programmed simultaneously, reducing the program preparation time, and thus improving production efficiency, especially suitable for small-batch, diversified production.

6. Machining simulation

Utilizing simulation technology, virtual machining tests are conducted before actual machining. By simulating the machining process, it can predict and avoid possible machining errors and ensure a smooth production process.

7. Tool management and monitoring

The system monitors the use of tools in real-time, including the degree of wear, remaining life, and other information, to help users optimize tool management, timely replacement of tools, and reduce unexpected downtime.

8. Online Inspection

During the machining process, the CNC system can check the machining quality in real-time to ensure that the machining accuracy meets the design requirements. This function helps to find and correct deviations in time, avoiding the generation of defective products.

Application areas of CNC machine tools

CNC machine tools are increasingly being used in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, food industry, mold making, electrical production, furniture, and other fields. Common types of CNC machine tools include:

CNC lathes: for turning, capable of complex rotationally symmetrical parts processing.CNC milling machine: suitable for milling processing of plane, inclined plane, curved surface, etc..

CNC drilling machine: dedicated to hole processing, including drilling, reaming, reaming, and other operations.

CNC machining center: integrated milling, drilling, and other functions of the machine tool, suitable for multi-process complex processing.

CNC molding EDM machine: mainly used for precision mold processing, complex shapes are processed by EDM.

CNC Wire Cutting: High-precision cutting through fine wire electrodes, widely used in mold manufacturing and precision parts processing.

CNC Water Jet Cutting: utilizing high-pressure water flow for cutting, suitable for cutting materials with high hardness.

CNC Laser Cutting: Utilizing laser beam for precise cutting, commonly used in metal plate and thin plate processing.

CNC Punching Machine: Used for metal plate stamping processing, widely used in metal parts manufacturing.

Furniture CNC machine tools: mainly used in the processing of wood, and plate, widely used in furniture production.

CNC machining technology process

1. CNC Programming

CNC program is generated by G code or CAD/CAM software. Common CAD/CAM software are:

MASTERCAM

PRO/E

UG/II

CATIA

IDEAS

CIMATRON

EDGECAM

This software can generate the corresponding CNC machining path according to the design drawings, and automatically generate the required G code.

2. Preparation and adjustment of fixtures

Fixture is used to fix the parts to ensure the stability and accuracy of the position of the parts during the machining process. Preparation and adjustment of fixtures is a key step to ensure machining accuracy.

3. CNC Operation

The operator operates the machine according to the generated CNC program to perform the actual machining task. The operator needs to have the skillful operation of the CNC machine to ensure that the machining process goes smoothly.

Learn the necessary knowledge and skills of CNC machining technology

Machine operation and debugging: familiar with the basic operation of CNC machine tools and debugging methods.

Machining process and technology: understand the selection and optimization of the machining process to adapt to the processing requirements of different parts.

Selection and management of machining tools: select suitable tools according to the machining tasks and manage the tools.

Fixture and Gage Use: Master the use of fixtures and gauges to ensure machining accuracy and stability.

G-code programming: Familiar with the syntax and application of G-code, able to manually write or optimize programs.

CAD/CAM software operation: master the commonly used CAD/CAM software and be able to design, program, and simulate.

Conclusion

With the continuous progress of technology, modern CNC machine tools and CNC systems have become indispensable core equipment in the manufacturing industry. Their powerful functions not only greatly improve processing accuracy and productivity, but also effectively reduce human error in operation and promote the development of industrial automation and intelligent manufacturing. From the traditional photoelectric readers to modern computer numerical control systems, to today’s highly integrated intelligent machine tools, the evolution of CNC technology has significantly improved the productivity and flexibility of the manufacturing industry.

During the learning process of CNC machining technology, it is crucial to acquire knowledge and skills in machine tool operation, machining processes, tool management, and G-code programming. Only with comprehensive technical literacy can we stand out in the ever-changing market demand and drive enterprises to a higher level of intelligent production.

In the future, with the further application of artificial intelligence, big data, and other emerging technologies, the function of CNC machine tools will be more intelligent and sophisticated, bringing more innovative opportunities and challenges to various industries. For manufacturing industry practitioners, keeping pace with the pace of technological development and improving their own CNC technology capabilities will be the key to enhancing competitiveness and staying ahead of the industry.